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Transaction Isolation Level

Read phenomenas:
The ANSI/ISO standard SQL speaks of three different phenomenas when a session reads data that another session might have changed:

1. Dirty read,
2. Non-repeatable read and
3. Phantom read

Dirty read:
If User1 can read data that User2 has written but not yet commited, this is called a dirty read. It is dirty because user2 might later decide to rollback the transaction which leads to the situation that User1 works with data that actually must be considered as non-existant.
Oracle doesn't allow dirty reads.

For eg.User1 Transaction.
UPDATE employee SET salary = 10000 WHERE empno = 'I-001'
User2 Transaction.
SELECT * FROM employee

(User2 Transaction sees data updated by User1 transaction. Those updates have not yet been committed.)

Non-repeatable read:
User1 reads data which is later changed and commited by User2. If User1 reads the same data again (after User2's commit) and finds it to have changed or to be deleted (according to User2's changes), this is called a non-repeatable read. It is called non-repeatable because the same select statement doesn't return the same data (within the same transaction).

For eg.User1 Transaction.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE empno = 'I-001'
User2 Transaction.
UPDATE employee SET salary = 20000 WHERE empno = 'I-001'

(user2 updates rows viewed by User1 before user1 commits.) If user1 issues the same SELECT statement, the results will be different.

Phantom read:
User1 reads data (select) with a specific where condition. After this read, User2 inserts some data that meets the User1's where condition and commits the inserted data. When User1 issues a select statement with the same where condition, it finds new records. It is called phantom read because the new records seem to be of phantom origin.
A phantom read is thus a special case of a non-repeatable read.

For eg.User1 Transaction.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE salary > 30000
User2 Transaction.
INSERT INTO employee(empno, firstnme, lastname, job,salary)
VALUES ('I-001', 'Sivaji','Chinnanan','Software Engineer',35000)

User2 inserts a row that would satisfy the query in User1 if it were issued again.

Depending on the scenario the above read phenomenas are used.
There are four isolation levels:

1. READ UNCOMMITTED
2. READ COMMITTED
3. REPEATABLE READ
4. SERIALIZABLE

READ UNCOMMITTED:
The READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level allows dirty reads.
When it's used, you can read an uncommitted transaction that might get rolled back later. This isolation level is also called dirty read. This is the lowest isolation level.

READ COMMITTED:
Each query executed by a transaction sees only data that was committed before the query began (Oracle default isolation level)

REPEATABLE READ:
When it's used, then dirty reads and nonrepeatable reads cannot occur. It means that locks will be placed on all data that is used in a query, and another transactions cannot update the data.

SERIALIZABLE:
Most restrictive isolation level. When it's used, then phantom values cannot occur. It prevents other users from updating or inserting rows into the data set until the transaction is complete.

Summary:

Isolation Levels	Dirty read	Non repeatable read	Phantom read
Read Uncommitted	Yes	Yes	Yes
Read Committed	No	Yes	Yes
Repeatable Read	No	No	Yes
Serializable	No	No	No

Follow the following instruction to set isolation levels in JDBC
con.setTransactionIsolation (Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED);
con.setTransactionIsolation (Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
con.setTransactionIsolation (Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_REPEATABLE_READ);
con.setTransactionIsolation (Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_SERIALIZABLE);
con.setAutoCommit(false);

Final IPL Schedule

The opening match and final in the second edition of the Indian Premier League in South Africa will be held at the Newlands Stadium in Cape Town and the Wanderers in Johannesburg respectively on April 18 and May 24.

THE SCHEDULE: (Time in Indian Standard Time):

April 18: Rajasthan Royals v Royal Challengers Bangalore (4 pm) at Cape Town;

April 18: Mumbai Indians v Chennai Super Kings (8 pm) at Cape Town.

April 19: Kolkata Knight Riders v Deccan Chargers (4 pm) at Cape Town;

April 19:Delhi Daredevils v Kings XI Punjab (8 pm) at Cape Town.

April 20: RCB V CSK (4 pm) at Port Elizabeth.

April 21: RR v MI (4 pm) at Durban; KKR v KXIP (8 pm) at Durban

April 22: DD v CSK (4 pm) at Durban; RCB v DC (8 pm) at Cape Town

April 23: KKR v RR (4 pm) at Port Elizabeth

April 24: KXIP v RCB (4 pm) at Johannesburg

April 25: KKR v CSK (4 pm) at Cape Town; DC v MI (8 pm) at Durban.

April 26: RR v KXIP (4 pm) at Cape Town; RCB v DD (8 pm) Port Elizabeth

April 27: KKR v MI (4 pm) at Cape Town; CSK v DC (8 pm) at Durban.

April 28: DD v RR (4 pm) at Pretoria

April 29: MI v KXIP (4 pm) at Durban; KKR v RCB (8 pm) at Durban

April 30: DD v DC (4 pm) at Pretoria; RR v CSK (8 pm) at Pretoria.

May 1: RCB v KXIP (4 pm) at East London; MI v KKR (8 pm) at Durban

May 2: RR v DC (4 pm) at Johannesburg; CSK v DD (8 pm) at Port Elizabeth

May 3: MI v RCB (4 pm) at Durban; KXIP v KKR (8 pm) at East London

May 4: DC v CSK (4 pm) at Port Elizabeth

May 5: DD v KKR (4 pm) at Durban; KXIP v RR (8 pm) at Durban

May 6: MI v DC (4 pm) at Pretoria

May 7: KXIP v CSK (4 pm) at Pretoria; RCB v RR (8 pm) at Pretoria

May 8: DD v MI (4 pm) at East London

May 9: DC v KXIP (4 pm) at Bloemfontein; CSK v RR (8 pm) at Port Elizabeth

May 10: KKR v DD (4 pm) at East London; RCB v MI (8 pm) at Johannesburg

May 11: DC v RR (4 pm) at Bloemfontein

May 12: RCB v KKR (4 pm) at Pretoria; KXIP v MI (8 pm) at Pretoria.

May 13: DC v DD (4 pm) at Durban

May 14: MI v RR (4 pm) at Durban; CSK v RCB (8 pm) at Durban.

May 15: KXIP v DD (4 pm) at Kimberley

May 16: CSK v MI (4 pm) at Johannesburg; DC v KKR (8 pm) at Port Elizabeth

May 17: RR v DD (4 pm) at Kimberley; KXIP v DC (8 pm) at Johannesburg

May 18: CSK v KKR (4 pm) at Pretoria

May 19: DD v RCB (4 pm) at Johannesburg

May 20: CSK v KXIP (4 pm) at Durban; RR v KKR (8 pm) at Durban

May 21: DC v RCB (4 pm) at Pretoria; MI v DD (8 pm) at Pretoria

May 22: Semi-final 1 at Pretoria

May 23: Semi-final 2 at Johannesburg

May 24: Final at Johannesburg.

BSNL JTO BOOKS

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Recruitment of Junior Telecom Officers(Telecom.), Junior Telecom Officers(Civil) and Junior Telecom Officers(Electrical)

CLOSING DATE OF RECEIPT OF APPLICATION : 06.04.2009

EXAMINATION DATE : 21.06.2009

Vacancy details

JTO(Telecom)	SC: 459	ST: 239	OBC: 989	OC: 1858	TOTAL: 3545
JTO(Civil)	SC:23	ST:16	OBC:69	OC:92	Total:200
JTO(Electrical)	SC:15	ST:30	OBC:55	OC:100	Total:200

Scale of Pay

The post of J.T.O. is in the IDA pay-scale of Rs. 9850-250-14600.

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Books

Microwave Engineering1

Microwave Engineering2

Microwave Engineering3

Microwave Engineering4

Microwave Engineering5

Circuit Analysis

Digital Electronics

Model Question Papers

Simple Hibernate Program

Introduction:

Working with object-oriented software and a relational database can be cumbersome and time consuming in today’s enterprise environments. Hibernate is an object/relational mapping tool for Java environments. The term object/relational mapping (ORM) refers to the technique of mapping a data representation from an object model to a relational data model with a SQL-based schema.

Hibernate not only takes care of the mapping from Java classes to database tables (and from Java data types to SQL data types), but also provides data query and retrieval facilities and can significantly reduce development time otherwise spent with manual data handling in SQL and JDBC.

Hibernates goal is to relieve the developer from 95 percent of common data persistence related programming tasks.

Simple example for Understanding of Hibernate:

Place the following jar file in the lib folder
1.antlr.jar
2.cglib.jar
3.asm.jar
4.asm-attrs.jars
5.commons-collections.jar
6.commons-logging.jar
7.hibernate3.jar
8.jta.jar
9.dom4j.jar
10.log4j.jar
11.slf4j-api-1.5.2.jar
12.slf4j-nop-1.5.2.jar
13.slf4j-simple-1.5.2.jar
14.javassist-3.4.GA.jar

your class or bean for storing and retriving Employee details from the database

Employee.java

Your mapping file to map bean attributes with database column names

Employee.hbm.xml

hibernate.cfg.xml

In the above configuration file the property hbm2ddl.auto as create it will create table automatically with the column name as specified in the mapping file names as Employee.hbm.xml. It will drop the table if the specified table already exists.

If you cofigure the property of hbm2ddl.auto as update it will update the table with specified values if the table exists or else it will create a table and insert the values.

The property dialect is to specify the database used. Here Oracle database is used. If you use MySQL then mention the dialect as org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect.

If you set the propery of show_sql to true it will display the query in the console.

Finally, the mapping file should be specified.

Example to insert an Employee details into database

Example to display employee details in the console

Note that in the above example that the query deals with POJO class and its attributes not directly with the database table or column.

Example to update employee details in the database

Example to delete employee details from the database

This is a simple example for understanding about Hibernate and if you have queries raise here and get the solution.

Hibernate Reference book

Hibernate Tutorial